Citizen Voting Age Population · ACS 5-Year Special Tabulation

CVAP Explorer

The number of U.S. citizens 18 and older, broken down by race and ethnicity — the legal standard for minority representation analysis under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Available from the precinct level all the way up to the national level.

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CVAP is the controlling metric for Voting Rights Act analysis
Under Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), courts assess minority representation using citizen voting age population — not total population, not registered voters. CVAP is the only Census Bureau product that measures voting-eligible citizens by race, making it indispensable for Section 2 litigation and district compliance review.
Quick Access — By Race & Ethnicity
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Total CVAP
All U.S. citizen adults — the baseline for computing racial share of the voting-eligible population in any district.
All 50 States Free
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Black / African American CVAP
Black alone citizen voting age population — the most frequently litigated metric in Section 2 cases. Available at state, county, and precinct level.
State Map County Free
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Any-Part Black CVAP VRA Standard
Black alone plus Black in combination with other races — the broader measure courts often apply to capture the full Black voting-eligible population.
State Map VTD Level 🔒 VTD Login
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Hispanic / Latino CVAP
Citizen voting age population of Hispanic or Latino origin. Critical for Southwest and Texas redistricting and growing majority-minority district analyses nationwide.
State Map County Free
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Asian CVAP
Asian alone citizen voting age population. Increasingly relevant in West Coast, New York, and New Jersey redistricting and Section 2 cases.
State Map County Free
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American Indian / Alaska Native CVAP
AIAN alone citizen voting age population. Essential for tribal nation redistricting and voting rights cases in Montana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Alaska.
State Map County Free
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White Alone CVAP
White alone citizen voting age population (includes Hispanic whites) — used alongside the non-Hispanic total to compute minority share of the voting-eligible population in any district.
State Map County Free
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Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander CVAP
NHPI alone citizen voting age population. Critical for Hawaii redistricting and Pacific Islander community representation analysis.
State Map County Free
Precinct-Level Data
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VTD / Precinct Explorer
Interactive CVAP maps at the voting district level for any state. Select a metric and state — see every precinct shaded by minority citizen voting age share.
VTD Level 🔒 Login
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Bulk CSV Download
Download the complete CVAP + VAP merged dataset for any state at the precinct level — formatted for GIS, R, or Python. The standard input file for expert witness analysis.
VTD Level CSV / Excel 🔒 Login
How CVAP is produced
CVAP is not collected directly — the Census Bureau derives it by combining ACS 5-Year citizenship responses with Decennial Census population counts. It is released as a special tabulation approximately 18 months after the reference ACS period closes. The current release is based on the 2020–2024 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

Geographies available: United States, State, Congressional District, State Senate District, State House District, County, Minor Civil Division, Place, Census Tract, Block Group, and Voting District (VTD/Precinct). Note that CVAP does not extend to the block level — block group is the smallest geography for which reliable CVAP estimates can be produced.

All CVAP data on CensusGo is sourced directly from the U.S. Census Bureau's official CVAP Special Tabulation files.